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在卷积神经网络的发展过程中，出现了很多经典的网络架构。这篇文章介绍LeNet，AlexNet，VGGNet，InceptionNet以及ResNet等5个经典的卷积神经网络架构。
- LeNet
LeNet是Yann LeCun在1998年提出的最早的神经卷积网络之一，其网络架构如图1所示。
LeNet为比较初始化的卷积架构，它主要是由两层卷积构成，它的输入为32*32*3的矩阵，即彩色的32*32像素的照片。第一层卷积由6个5*5的卷积核构成，卷积层的输出直接进入池化层，该池化的方法为最大池化方法。第二层的卷积是由16个5*5的卷积核构成，卷积层的输出直接进入到最大池化层。随后是由3个全连接层，其神经元的个数分别为120、84和10。
图2显示了神经网络的每一层的架构和对应的参数。
其代码如下：
class LeNet5(Model):
def __init__(self):
super(LeNet5, self).__init__()
self.c1 = Conv2D(filters=6, kernel_size=(5, 5),activation='sigmoid')
self.p1 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2)
self.c2 = Conv2D(filters=16, kernel_size=(5, 5),activation='sigmoid')
self.p2 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2)
self.flatten = Flatten()
self.f1 = Dense(120, activation='sigmoid')
self.f2 = Dense(84, activation='sigmoid')
self.f3 = Dense(10, activation='softmax')
def call(self, x):
x = self.c1(x)
x = self.p1(x)
x = self.c2(x)
x = self.p2(x)
x = self.flatten(x)
x = self.f1(x)
x = self.f2(x)
y = self.f3(x)
return y
model = LeNet5()
model.compile(optimizer='adam',loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
checkpoint_save_path = "./checkpoint/LeNet5.ckpt"
if os.path.exists(checkpoint_save_path + '.index'):
print('-------------load the model-----------------')
model.load_weights(checkpoint_save_path)
cp_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath=checkpoint_save_path, save_weights_only=True,save_best_only=True)
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), validation_freq=1, callbacks=[cp_callback])
model.summary()
- AlexNet
AlexNet网络诞生于2012年，它和LeNet有相似之处，但网络规模有很大的变化，其架构示意图如图3 所示。
相比于LeNet，AlexNet把卷积层增加到了5层。在之前的两个卷积层中加入了BatchNormalization()，以及激活函数由sigmoid变化为relu函数。图4显示了每一层的架构和对应每一层设置的参数。
其代码如下：
class AlexNet8(Model):
def __init__(self):
super(AlexNet8, self).__init__()
self.c1 = Conv2D(filters=96, kernel_size=(3, 3))
self.b1 = BatchNormalization()
self.a1 = Activation('relu')
self.p1 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(3, 3), strides=2)
self.c2 = Conv2D(filters=256, kernel_size=(3, 3))
self.b2 = BatchNormalization()
self.a2 = Activation('relu')
self.p2 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(3, 3), strides=2)
self.c3 = Conv2D(filters=384, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same',activation='relu')
self.c4 = Conv2D(filters=384, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same',activation='relu')
self.c5 = Conv2D(filters=256, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same',activation='relu')
self.p3 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(3, 3), strides=2)
self.flatten = Flatten()
self.f1 = Dense(2048, activation='relu')
self.d1 = Dropout(0.5)
self.f2 = Dense(2048, activation='relu')
self.d2 = Dropout(0.5)
self.f3 = Dense(10, activation='softmax')
def call(self, x):
x = self.c1(x)
x = self.b1(x)
x = self.a1(x)
x = self.p1(x)
x = self.c2(x)
x = self.b2(x)
x = self.a2(x)
x = self.p2(x)
x = self.c3(x)
x = self.c4(x)
x = self.c5(x)
x = self.p3(x)
x = self.flatten(x)
x = self.f1(x)
x = self.d1(x)
x = self.f2(x)
x = self.d2(x)
y = self.f3(x)
return y
model = AlexNet8()
model.compile(optimizer='adam',loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
checkpoint_save_path = "./checkpoint/AlexNet8.ckpt"
if os.path.exists(checkpoint_save_path + '.index'):
print('-------------load the model-----------------')
model.load_weights(checkpoint_save_path)
cp_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath=checkpoint_save_path,save_weights_only=True,save_best_only=True)
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), validation_freq=1,callbacks=[cp_callback])
model.summary()- VGGNet16
VGGNet16最大的改进就是提升了网络的深度，由AlexNet的总共8层网络提升到了16层，这意味着网络有着更强的表达能力。VGGNet使用的都是3*3的小卷积核，实际证明这种小卷积核的效果要好于大的卷积核。
VGGNet16的网络架构如下图所示：
其程序代码如下：
class VGG16(Model):
def __init__(self):
super(VGG16, self).__init__()
self.c1 = Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same') # 卷积层1
self.b1 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a1 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.c2 = Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same', )
self.b2 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a2 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.p1 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2, padding='same')
self.d1 = Dropout(0.2) # dropout层
self.c3 = Conv2D(filters=128, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b3 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a3 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.c4 = Conv2D(filters=128, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b4 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a4 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.p2 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2, padding='same')
self.d2 = Dropout(0.2) # dropout层
self.c5 = Conv2D(filters=256, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b5 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a5 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.c6 = Conv2D(filters=256, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b6 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a6 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.c7 = Conv2D(filters=256, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b7 = BatchNormalization()
self.a7 = Activation('relu')
self.p3 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2, padding='same')
self.d3 = Dropout(0.2)
self.c8 = Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b8 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a8 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.c9 = Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b9 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a9 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.c10 = Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b10 = BatchNormalization()
self.a10 = Activation('relu')
self.p4 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2, padding='same')
self.d4 = Dropout(0.2)
self.c11 = Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b11 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a11 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.c12 = Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b12 = BatchNormalization() # BN层1
self.a12 = Activation('relu') # 激活层1
self.c13 = Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3, 3), padding='same')
self.b13 = BatchNormalization()
self.a13 = Activation('relu')
self.p5 = MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2, padding='same')
self.d5 = Dropout(0.2)
self.flatten = Flatten()
self.f1 = Dense(512, activation='relu')
self.d6 = Dropout(0.2)
self.f2 = Dense(512, activation='relu')
self.d7 = Dropout(0.2)
self.f3 = Dense(10, activation='softmax')
def call(self, x):
x = self.c1(x)
x = self.b1(x)
x = self.a1(x)
x = self.c2(x)
x = self.b2(x)
x = self.a2(x)
x = self.p1(x)
x = self.d1(x)
x = self.c3(x)
x = self.b3(x)
x = self.a3(x)
x = self.c4(x)
x = self.b4(x)
x = self.a4(x)
x = self.p2(x)
x = self.d2(x)
x = self.c5(x)
x = self.b5(x)
x = self.a5(x)
x = self.c6(x)
x = self.b6(x)
x = self.a6(x)
x = self.c7(x)
x = self.b7(x)
x = self.a7(x)
x = self.p3(x)
x = self.d3(x)
x = self.c8(x)
x = self.b8(x)
x = self.a8(x)
x = self.c9(x)
x = self.b9(x)
x = self.a9(x)
x = self.c10(x)
x = self.b10(x)
x = self.a10(x)
x = self.p4(x)
x = self.d4(x)
x = self.c11(x)
x = self.b11(x)
x = self.a11(x)
x = self.c12(x)
x = self.b12(x)
x = self.a12(x)
x = self.c13(x)
x = self.b13(x)
x = self.a13(x)
x = self.p5(x)
x = self.d5(x)
x = self.flatten(x)
x = self.f1(x)
x = self.d6(x)
x = self.f2(x)
x = self.d7(x)
y = self.f3(x)
return y
model = VGG16()
model.compile(optimizer='adam',loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
checkpoint_save_path = "./checkpoint/VGG16.ckpt"
if os.path.exists(checkpoint_save_path + '.index'):
print('-------------load the model-----------------')
model.load_weights(checkpoint_save_path)
cp_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath=checkpoint_save_path,save_weights_only=True,save_best_only=True)
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), validation_freq=1, callbacks=[cp_callback])
model.summary()- InceptionNet
InceptionNet诞生于2015年，它是通过增加网络的宽度来提升网络的能力，与VGGNet通过卷积层堆叠的方式（纵向）相比，它是一个不同的方向（横向）。下图显示了InceptionNet基本单元架构，这个架构可以理解为神经网络的一个卷积层。
在这里可以建立两个类，第一个类为标准化的卷积层，其代码如下：
class ConvBNRelu(Model):
def __init__(self, ch, kernelsz=3, strides=1, padding='same'):
super(ConvBNRelu, self).__init__()
self.model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
Conv2D(ch, kernelsz, strides=strides, padding=padding),
BatchNormalization(),
Activation('relu')
])
def call(self, x):
x = self.model(x, training=False) #在training=False时，BN通过整个训练集计算均值、方差去做批归一化，training=True时，通过当前batch的均值、方差去做批归一化。推理时 training=False效果好
return x
#定义了标准化的卷积层（ConvBNRelu）后，可以定义InceptionNet的基本单元了，其代码如下：
class InceptionBlk(Model):
def __init__(self, ch, strides=1):
super(InceptionBlk, self).__init__()
self.ch = ch
self.strides = strides
self.c1 = ConvBNRelu(ch, kernelsz=1, strides=strides) #最左边的卷积层1*1
self.c2_1 = ConvBNRelu(ch, kernelsz=1, strides=strides)#左边第二个黄色标识
self.c2_2 = ConvBNRelu(ch, kernelsz=3, strides=1)#左边第二个蓝色标识
self.c3_1 = ConvBNRelu(ch, kernelsz=1, strides=strides) #左边第三个黄色标识
self.c3_2 = ConvBNRelu(ch, kernelsz=5, strides=1) #左边第三个蓝色标识
self.p4_1 = MaxPool2D(3, strides=1, padding='same')#左边第四个红色标识
self.c4_2 = ConvBNRelu(ch, kernelsz=1, strides=strides)#左边第四个黄色标识
def call(self, x):
x1 = self.c1(x)
x2_1 = self.c2_1(x)
x2_2 = self.c2_2(x2_1)
x3_1 = self.c3_1(x)
x3_2 = self.c3_2(x3_1)
x4_1 = self.p4_1(x)
x4_2 = self.c4_2(x4_1)
# concat along axis=channel
x = tf.concat([x1, x2_2, x3_2, x4_2], axis=3)
return x构架两个Block的InceptionNet，每个Block中包含两层基本的InceptionBlk单元，在每个Block中InceptionBlk单元的stride参数设置是不同的，第一层是stride=1，第二层是stride=2。这就意味着每经过一个Block，图的尺寸变为1/2，那么对应的把卷积核的个数乘以2。具体的架构如下图所示。
其实现的代码如下：
class Inception10(Model):
def __init__(self, num_blocks, num_classes, init_ch=16, **kwargs):
super(Inception10, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.in_channels = init_ch
self.out_channels = init_ch
self.num_blocks = num_blocks
self.init_ch = init_ch
self.c1 = ConvBNRelu(init_ch)
self.blocks = tf.keras.models.Sequential()
for block_id in range(num_blocks):
for layer_id in range(2):
if layer_id == 0:
block = InceptionBlk(self.out_channels, strides=2)
else:
block = InceptionBlk(self.out_channels, strides=1)
self.blocks.add(block)
# enlarger out_channels per block
self.out_channels *= 2
self.p1 = GlobalAveragePooling2D()
self.f1 = Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax')
def call(self, x):
x = self.c1(x)
x = self.blocks(x)
x = self.p1(x)
y = self.f1(x)
return y
model = Inception10(num_blocks=2, num_classes=10)
model.compile(optimizer='adam',loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
checkpoint_save_path = "./checkpoint/Inception10.ckpt"
if os.path.exists(checkpoint_save_path + '.index'):
print('-------------load the model-----------------')
model.load_weights(checkpoint_save_path)
cp_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath=checkpoint_save_path,save_weights_only=True,save_best_only=True)
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), validation_freq=1, callbacks=[cp_callback])
model.summary()此外，也可以不用Class这个方式来实现InceptionNet，具体代码如下：
import tensorflow as tf
# 定义一个Inception模块
def InceptionModule(inputs):
# 第一条分支
branch1 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (1,1), padding='same', activation='relu')(inputs)
# 第二条分支
branch2 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (1,1), padding='same', activation='relu')(inputs)
branch2 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(96, (3,3), padding='same', activation='relu')(branch2)
# 第三条分支
branch3 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (1,1), padding='same', activation='relu')(inputs)
branch3 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (5,5), padding='same', activation='relu')(branch3)
# 第四条分支
branch4 = tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((3,3), strides=(1,1), padding='same')(inputs)
branch4 = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (1,1), padding='same', activation='relu')(branch4)
# 将四个分支合并
outputs = tf.keras.layers.concatenate([branch1, branch2, branch3, branch4], axis=-1)
return outputs
# 定义一个InceptionNet
def InceptionNet(input_shape, num_classes):
# 输入层
inputs = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=input_shape)
# 第一层
x = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (7,7), strides=(2,2), padding='same', activation='relu')(inputs)
x = tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((3,3), strides=(2,2), padding='same')(x)
# 第二层
x = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (1,1), padding='same', activation='relu')(x)
x = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(192, (3,3), padding='same', activation='relu')(x)
x = tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((3,3), strides=(2,2), padding='same')(x)
# 第三层
x = InceptionModule(x)
x = InceptionModule(x)
x = InceptionModule(x)
# 全局平均池化层
x = tf.keras.layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
# 输出层
outputs = tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax')(x)
# 创建模型
model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs)
return model- ResNet
以上的经典卷积神经网络遇到的一个问题是随着层数的不断上升，其测试的精度不会上升，这个主要是由于梯度消失导致的。ResNet的核心思想是将层间残差跳连，引入前方信息，减少梯度消失，这样可以加大神经网络的层数。其结构示意图如下所示。
在上图中有虚线和实线，其区别是保证其维度的相同，其计算步骤如下图所示。
ResNet的Block的模块的代码中有一个参数residual_path主要是判断维度是否相同，其具体代码如下：
class ResnetBlock(Model):
def __init__(self, filters, strides=1, residual_path=False):
super(ResnetBlock, self).__init__()
self.filters = filters
self.strides = strides
self.residual_path = residual_path
self.c1 = Conv2D(filters, (3, 3), strides=strides, padding='same', use_bias=False)
self.b1 = BatchNormalization()
self.a1 = Activation('relu')
self.c2 = Conv2D(filters, (3, 3), strides=1, padding='same', use_bias=False)
self.b2 = BatchNormalization()
# residual_path为True时，对输入进行下采样，即用1x1的卷积核做卷积操作，保证x能和F(x)维度相同，顺利相加
if residual_path:
self.down_c1 = Conv2D(filters, (1, 1), strides=strides, padding='same', use_bias=False)
self.down_b1 = BatchNormalization()
self.a2 = Activation('relu')
def call(self, inputs):
residual = inputs # residual等于输入值本身，即residual=x
# 将输入通过卷积、BN层、激活层，计算F(x)
x = self.c1(inputs)
x = self.b1(x)
x = self.a1(x)
x = self.c2(x)
y = self.b2(x)
if self.residual_path:
residual = self.down_c1(inputs)
residual = self.down_b1(residual)
out = self.a2(y + residual) # 最后输出的是两部分的和，即F(x)+x或F(x)+Wx,再过激活函数
return out
#最后可以利用ResnetBlock来构建ResNet的网络架构，其代码如下：
class ResNet18(Model):
def __init__(self, block_list, initial_filters=64): # block_list表示每个block有几个卷积层
super(ResNet18, self).__init__()
self.num_blocks = len(block_list) # 共有几个block
self.block_list = block_list
self.out_filters = initial_filters
self.c1 = Conv2D(self.out_filters, (3, 3), strides=1, padding='same', use_bias=False)
self.b1 = BatchNormalization()
self.a1 = Activation('relu')
self.blocks = tf.keras.models.Sequential()
# 构建ResNet网络结构
for block_id in range(len(block_list)): # 第几个resnet block
for layer_id in range(block_list[block_id]): # 第几个卷积层
if block_id != 0 and layer_id == 0: # 对除第一个block以外的每个block的输入进行下采样
block = ResnetBlock(self.out_filters, strides=2, residual_path=True)
else:
block = ResnetBlock(self.out_filters, residual_path=False)
self.blocks.add(block) # 将构建好的block加入resnet
self.out_filters *= 2 # 下一个block的卷积核数是上一个block的2倍
self.p1 = tf.keras.layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()
self.f1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax', kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2())
def call(self, inputs):
x = self.c1(inputs)
x = self.b1(x)
x = self.a1(x)
x = self.blocks(x)
x = self.p1(x)
y = self.f1(x)
return y
model = ResNet18([2, 2, 2, 2])
model.compile(optimizer='adam',loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
checkpoint_save_path = "./checkpoint/ResNet18.ckpt"
if os.path.exists(checkpoint_save_path + '.index'):
print('-------------load the model-----------------')
model.load_weights(checkpoint_save_path)
cp_callback = tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath=checkpoint_save_path,save_weights_only=True,save_best_only=True)
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), validation_freq=1,callbacks=[cp_callback])
model.summary()不用Class实现代码如下：
import tensorflow as tf
# 定义一个残差块
def ResidualBlock(x, filters, downsample=False):
shortcut = x
stride = (1, 1)
# 如果需要下采样，则对输入进行下采样操作
if downsample:
stride = (2, 2)
shortcut = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(filters, (1, 1), strides=stride, padding='same')(shortcut)
shortcut = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(shortcut)
# 主分支
x = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(filters, (3, 3), strides=stride, padding='same')(x)
x = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(x)
x = tf.keras.layers.Activation('relu')(x)
x = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(filters, (3, 3), strides=(1, 1), padding='same')(x)
x = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(x)
# 将主分支的输出与shortcut相加
x = tf.keras.layers.add([x, shortcut])
x = tf.keras.layers.Activation('relu')(x)
return x
# 定义一个ResNet模型
def ResNet(input_shape, num_classes):
inputs = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=input_shape)
# 预处理层
x = tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D(padding=(3, 3))(inputs)
x = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (7, 7), strides=(2, 2))(x)
x = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(x)
x = tf.keras.layers.Activation('relu')(x)
x = tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(2, 2))(x)
# 残差块组1
x = ResidualBlock(x, filters=64)
x = ResidualBlock(x, filters=64)
# 残差块组2
x = ResidualBlock(x, filters=128, downsample=True)
x = ResidualBlock(x, filters=128)
# 残差块组3
x = ResidualBlock(x, filters=256, downsample=True)
x = ResidualBlock(x, filters=256)
# 残差块组4
x = ResidualBlock(x, filters=512, downsample=True)
x = ResidualBlock(x, filters=512)
# 全局平均池化层
x = tf.keras.layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
# 输出层
outputs = tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax')(x)
# 创建模型
model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs)
return model总体上看，ResNet把网络深度大幅度进行了提升，在2015年Imagenet图像识别Top5错误率降低至3.57%。
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